Text and images amended from G. Springston, S. Wright, and C. Dowey.
Also, see new release map: Major Glacial Lakes and the Champlain Sea, 2020 , a presentation on glacial lake history by Wright, 2018 and an animation.
The surficial geologic materials in central Vermont were mostly deposited during the Wisconsinan glaciation in glacial or periglacial environments existing during or shortly after the Laurentide ice sheet retreated across this area ~14,000–13,500 years ago (Ridge et al., 2012; Corbett et al., 2018). The ice sheet was sufficiently thick to completely cover the mountains. Consequently, the mountains are largely mantled by till. Ice-contact sediments, deposited beneath or adjacent to the retreating ice sheet, are found in many of the major river valleys. These ice-contact sediments are largely overlain by glaciolacustrine sediments deposited in several ice-dammed glacial lakes that flooded the valleys (Larsen, 1972; 1987; Wright, 2018). The largest of these was Glacial Lake Winooski which formed when the retreating ice sheet dammed the Winooski River.
Glacial lake deposits (lacustrine sediments) include both coarser-grained sediments deposited at or near the shorelines of lakes (deltas and beaches) and finer-grained sediments deposited in the deeper quiet-water parts of lakes. Larsen (1972, 1987) outlined the sequence of glacial lakes that occupied the Winooski River drainage basin as the retreating ice sheet dammed the west-flowing river preventing it from draining into the Champlain valley. The highest regional lake, Glacial Lake Winooski, partially drained when the ice sheet margin was near Bolton (southeastern border of the Richmond Quadrangle). As the ice sheet retreated down the Winooski River valley it uncovered in succession two lower outlets allowing lake water to drain through the Huntington River valley and Hollow Brook into the Champlain Valley occupied by Glacial Lake Vermont. 
References:
Larsen, F.D., 1987, History of glacial lakes in the Dog River valley, central Vermont; in Westerman, D.S., ed., New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference Guidebook, p. 214–236.
Ridge, J.C. and others, 2012, The new North American Varve Chronology: A precise record of southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation and climate, 18.2-12.5 kyr BP, and correlations with Greenland ice core records; American Journal of Science, v. 312, 685–722.
Springston, G., 2019, Surficial geology of the Huntington, Vermont quadrangle: VGS Open File Report.
Wright, S., 2018, The evolution of glacial lakes in the Winooski River valley, Vermont: Northeastern Section GSA Abstracts with Program, Vol. 50, No. 2.
Wright, S., 2019, Surficial geology and hydrogeology of the Richmond, VT quadrangle: VGS open File Report VG2019-1.